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HelpTest ID: STFRP Shiga Toxin, Molecular Detection, PCR, Feces
Reporting Name
Shiga Toxin PCR, FUseful For
Sensitive, specific, and rapid detection of the presence of Shiga toxin-producing organisms such as Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Shigella dysenteriae type 1 in stool
This test is not recommended as a test of cure.
Specimen Type
FecalAdditional Testing Requirements
In some cases, there may be local public health requirements that impact Mayo Clinic Laboratories (MCL) clients and require additional testing on specimens with positive results for this test. MCL recommends that clients retain an aliquot of each specimen submitted for testing to perform such additional testing, if needed. Alternatively (not preferred), clients who want their specimen returned from MCL should call MCL as soon as possible, at the latest within 96 hours of specimen collection, to request that MCL return an aliquot of the submitted specimen to them. Clients will be responsible for submitting their specimens to appropriate public health departments.
Necessary Information
Specimen source is required.
Specimen Required
The high sensitivity of amplification by polymerase chain reaction requires the specimen to be processed in an environment in which contamination of the specimen by shiga toxin DNA is unlikely.
Submit only 1 of the following specimens:
Preferred:
Specimen Type: Preserved feces
Supplies: Culture and Sensitivity Stool Transport Vial (T058)
Container/Tube: Commercially available transport system specific for recovery of enteric pathogens from fecal specimens (15 mL of nonnutritive transport medium containing phenol red as a pH indicator, either Cary-Blair or Para-Pak C and S)
Specimen Volume: Representative portion of feces; 5 mL
Collection Instructions:
1. Collect fresh fecal specimen and submit in container with transport medium.
2. Place feces in preservative within 2 hours of collection.
Specimen Stability Information: Ambient (preferred) <7 days/Refrigerated <7 days
Acceptable:
Specimen Type: Unpreserved feces
Supplies:
-Stool container, Small (Random), 4 oz Random (T288)
-Stool Collection Kit, Random (T635)
Container/Tube: Fecal container
Specimen Volume: Representative portion of feces
Collection Instructions: Collect fresh fecal specimen and submit representative sample in fecal container.
Specimen Stability Information: Refrigerated (preferred) <7 days/Frozen <7 days
Specimen Minimum Volume
1 mL
Specimen Stability Information
| Specimen Type | Temperature | Time | Special Container |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fecal | Varies | 7 days |
Reference Values
Not applicable
Day(s) Performed
Monday through Sunday
Test Classification
This test was developed and its performance characteristics determined by Mayo Clinic in a manner consistent with CLIA requirements. It has not been cleared or approved by the US Food and Drug Administration.CPT Code Information
87798
LOINC Code Information
| Test ID | Test Order Name | Order LOINC Value |
|---|---|---|
| STFRP | Shiga Toxin PCR, F | 80679-4 |
| Result ID | Test Result Name | Result LOINC Value |
|---|---|---|
| SRC59 | Specimen Source | 31208-2 |
| 56052 | Result | 80679-4 |
Clinical Information
Shiga toxins (also known as Shiga-like toxins, Vero toxins, or Vero-like toxins) are encoded by some strains of Escherichia coli, most notably O157:H7. Shiga toxin can also be produced by other serogroups of enterohemorrhagic E coli (EHEC), as well as Shigella dysenteriae type 1. Generally, Shiga toxin-producing organisms cause bloody diarrhea, although this is not universal. Unlike some bacterial gastrointestinal infections, antimicrobial therapy is contraindicated as antimicrobials may exacerbate disease. Treatment is primarily supportive (eg, hydration). A complication of infection by an organism producing Shiga toxin is hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). The percentage of people that develop HUS varies among outbreaks of E coli O157:H7, but generally ranges from 3% to 20%. HUS is characterized by a triad of findings: hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and kidney failure. Most people recover completely; however, some require permanent dialysis, and some die due to complications.
Several diagnostic methods are available for the detection of EHEC but lack sensitivity, are labor intensive, or have a long turnaround time. There are more than 160 serogroups of EHEC; the first serogroup to be associated with HUS was O157:H7. This is also the serogroup that is most frequently implicated in outbreaks. EHEC O157:H7 is detectable as non-fermenting colonies when cultured on sorbitol MacConkey (SMAC) agar, but the majority of non-O157:H7 Shiga toxin-producing E coli strains ferment sorbitol and, therefore, are undetectable by this method. The Vero cell line is susceptible to the Shiga toxin, but the assay can take up to 48 hours and is nonspecific. Commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) antigen detection kits have a sensitivity of 90% when compared to culture, but an overnight enrichment step is necessary for adequate sensitivity. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection of stx, the gene encoding Shiga toxin, directly from fecal specimens is a sensitive and specific technique, providing same-day results. The PCR assay identifies non-O157:H7 Shiga toxin-producing bacteria, extending the utility beyond strains identifiable on SMAC agar.
Interpretation
A positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) result indicates the likely presence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in the specimen. Although Shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 may produce a positive result, it is extremely rare in the United States.
A negative result indicates the absence of detectable Shiga toxin DNA in the specimen, but does not rule out the presence of Shiga toxin-producing E coli and may occur due to inhibition of PCR, sequence variability underlying primers or probes, or the presence of Shiga toxin DNA in quantities less than the limit of detection of the assay. Shiga toxins are encoded on mobile genetic elements and can theoretically be lost by their bacterial host.
Clinical Reference
1. Gould LH, Bopp C: Recommendations for diagnosis of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli infection by clinical laboratories. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2009 Oct;16:v58
2. Nyre LM, Kiemele DL, Zomok CD, et al: Clinical experience with rapid PCR for detection of Shiga toxin in stool. Abstract of the Annual Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology, 2010 General Meeting, San Diego, CA, May 23-27, 2010
3. Procop GW, Church DL, Hall GS, et al: The Enterobacteriaceae. In: Koneman's Color Atlas and Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology. 7th ed. Wolters Kluwer; 2017:213-315
Report Available
1 to 2 daysMethod Name
Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) using Fluorescent Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET)
Testing Algorithm
For more information see Laboratory Testing for Infectious Causes of Diarrhea.
Special Instructions
Forms
If not ordering electronically, complete, print, and send 1 of the following forms with the specimen:
-Microbiology Test Request (T244)
-Gastroenterology and Hepatology Test Request (T728)
-Renal Diagnostics Test Request (T830)
-Coagulation Test Request (T753)
mml-gi-id, mml-gi-intestinal-infections, mml-gi-intestinal-infections-pathogens