Test ID: GID2 Autoimmune Gastrointestinal Dysmotility Evaluation, Serum
Necessary Information
Provide the following information:
-Relevant clinical information
-Ordering provider name, phone number, mailing address, and e-mail address
Specimen Required
Patient Preparation:
1. For optimal antibody detection, specimen collection is recommended prior to initiation of immunosuppressant medication.
2. This test should not be requested in patients who have recently received radioisotopes, therapeutically or diagnostically, because of potential assay interference. The specific waiting period before specimen collection will depend on the isotope administered, the dose given, and the clearance rate in the individual patient. Specimens will be screened for radioactivity prior to analysis. Radioactive specimens received in the laboratory will be held 1 week and assayed if sufficiently decayed, or canceled if radioactivity remains.
3. Patient should have no general anesthetic or muscle-relaxant drugs in the previous 24 hours.
Container/Tube:
Preferred: Serum gel
Acceptable: Red top
Specimen Volume: 4 mL
Useful For
Investigating unexplained weight loss, early satiety, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, constipation or diarrhea in a patient with past or family history of cancer or autoimmunity
Directing a focused search for cancer
Investigating gastrointestinal symptoms that appear in the course or wake of cancer therapy, not explainable by recurrent cancer, metastasis or therapy; detection of autoantibodies on this profile helps differentiate autoimmune gastrointestinal dysmotility from the effects of chemotherapy
Detecting early evidence of cancer recurrence in previously seropositive patients who have a rising titer of 1 or more autoantibodies
Profile Information
Test ID | Reporting Name | Available Separately | Always Performed |
---|---|---|---|
AGIDI | GI Dysmotility, Interpretation, S | No | Yes |
ARBI | ACh Receptor (Muscle) Binding Ab | Yes | Yes |
GANG | AChR Ganglionic Neuronal Ab, S | No | Yes |
ANN1S | Anti-Neuronal Nuclear Ab, Type 1 | No | Yes |
DPPIS | DPPX Ab IFA, S | No | Yes |
GD65S | GAD65 Ab Assay, S | Yes | Yes |
VGKC | Neuronal (V-G) K+ Channel Ab, S | No | Yes |
CCN | N-Type Calcium Channel Ab | No | Yes |
STR | Striational (Striated Muscle) Ab, S | Yes | Yes |
Reflex Tests
Test ID | Reporting Name | Available Separately | Always Performed |
---|---|---|---|
ARMO | ACh Receptor (Muscle) Modulating Ab | No | No |
AMPCS | AMPA-R Ab CBA, S | No | No |
AMPIS | AMPA-R Ab IF Titer Assay, S | No | No |
AMPHS | Amphiphysin Ab, S | No | No |
AMIBS | Amphiphysin Immunoblot, S | No | No |
AN1BS | ANNA-1 Immunoblot, S | No | No |
AN2BS | ANNA-2 Immunoblot, S | No | No |
CS2CS | CASPR2-IgG CBA, S | No | No |
CRMWS | CRMP-5-IgG Western Blot, S | Yes | No |
CRMS | CRMP-5-IgG, S | No | No |
DPPCS | DPPX Ab CBA, S | No | No |
DPPTS | DPPX Ab IFA Titer, S | No | No |
GABCS | GABA-B-R Ab CBA, S | No | No |
GABIS | GABA-B-R Ab IF Titer Assay, S | No | No |
LG1CS | LGI1-IgG CBA, S | No | No |
NMDCS | NMDA-R Ab CBA, S | No | No |
NMDIS | NMDA-R Ab IF Titer Assay, S | No | No |
PC1BS | PCA-1 Immunoblot, S | No | No |
PCTBS | PCA-Tr Immunoblot, S | No | No |
PCABP | Purkinje Cell Cytoplasmic Ab Type 1 | No | No |
PCAB2 | Purkinje Cell Cytoplasmic Ab Type 2 | No | No |
PCATR | Purkinje Cell Cytoplasmic Ab Type Tr | No | No |
Testing Algorithm
If immunofluorescence assay (IFA) patterns suggest collapsin response-mediator protein-5-IgG (CRMP-5-IgG), then CRMP-5-IgG IFA or Western blot is performed at an additional charge.
If IFA patterns suggest amphiphysin antibody, then amphiphysin titer and/or amphiphysin immunoblot is performed at an additional charge.
If IFA pattern suggests ANNA-1 antibody, then ANNA-1 immunoblot and ANNA-2 immunoblot is performed at an additional charge.
If IFA pattern suggests PCA-1 antibody, then PCA-1 IFA and immunoblot is performed at an additional charge.
If IFA pattern suggests PCA-2 antibody, then PCA-2 IFA performed at an additional charge.
If IFA pattern suggests PCA-Tr antibody, then PCA-Tr IFA and immunoblot is performed at an additional charge.
If IFA pattern suggests NMDA-R, then NMDA-R cell-binding assay (CBA) and NMDA-R titer are performed at an additional charge.
If IFA pattern suggests AMPA-R, then AMPA-R CBA and AMPA-R titer are performed at an additional charge.
If IFA pattern suggests GABA-B-R, then GABA-B-R CBA and GABA-B-R titer are performed at an additional charge.
If IFA pattern suggests DPPX antibody, then DPPX CBA and DPPX titer are performed at an additional charge.
If acetylcholine (ACh) receptor binding antibody is above 0.02 nmol/L, then ACh receptor modulating antibodies and CRMP-5-IgG Western blot are performed at an additional charge.
If VGKC is above 0.00 nmol/L, then LGI1-IgG CBA and CASPR2-IgG CBA are performed at an additional charge.
See Autoimmune Gastrointestinal Dysmotility Evaluation Algorithm in Special Instructions.
Method Name
AMPHS, AMPIS, ANN1S, CRMS, DPPIS, DPPTS, GABIS, NMDIS, PCAB2, PCABP, PCATR: Indirect Immunofluorescence Assay (IFA)
AMPCS, CS2CS, DPPCS, GABCS, LG1CS, NMDCS: Cell Binding Assay (CBA)
ARMO: Live Cell Assay (LCA)
CRMWS: Western Blot (WB)
AMIBS, AN1BS, AN2BS, PC1BS, PCTBS: Immunoblot (IB)
ARBI, CCN, GANG, GD65S, VGKC: Radioimmunoassay (RIA)
STR: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
Reporting Name
Autoimmune GI Dysmotility Eval, SSpecimen Type
SerumSpecimen Minimum Volume
2 mL
Specimen Stability Information
Specimen Type | Temperature | Time | Special Container |
---|---|---|---|
Serum | Refrigerated (preferred) | 28 days | |
Frozen | 28 days | ||
Ambient | 72 hours |
Clinical Information
Autoimmune gastrointestinal dysmotility (AGID) is a limited form of dysautonomia (also known as autoimmune autonomic ganglionopathy or neuropathy) that is sometimes a paraneoplastic disorder. Neoplasms most commonly found are lung cancer, thymoma, and miscellaneous adenocarcinomas. Diagnosis is confirmed by objective abnormalities on gastrointestinal (GI) motility studies (eg, gastric, small intestinal or colonic nuclear transit studies; esophageal, gastroduodenal, or colonic manometry or anorectal manometry with balloon expulsion). These disorders target autonomic postganglionic synaptic membranes and in some cases ganglionic neurons and autonomic nerve fibers, and may be accompanied by sensory small fiber neuropathy. Onset may be subacute or insidious. There may be additional manifestations of dysautonomia (eg, impaired pupillary light reflex, anhidrosis, orthostatic hypotension, sicca manifestations, and bladder dysfunction) or signs of other neurologic impairment. Autonomic reflex testing and a thermoregulatory sweat test are valuable aids in documentation of objective abnormalities.
The serological profile of AGID may include autoantibodies specific for onconeural proteins found in the nucleus, cytoplasm, or plasma membrane of neurons or muscle. Some of these autoantibodies are highly predictive of an underlying cancer. A commonly encountered autoantibody marker of AGID is the ganglionic neuronal alpha-3- acetylcholine receptor (alpha-3-AChR) autoantibody. The pathogenicity of this autoantibody was demonstrated in rabbits immunized with a recombinant extracellular fragment of the alpha-3-AChR subunit, and in mice injected with IgG from high-titered alpha-3-AChR autoantibody-positive rabbit or human sera. A direct relationship between antibody titer and severity of dysautonomia occurs in both experimental animals and patients. Patients with high alpha-3-AChR autoantibody values (>1.0 nmol/L) generally present with profound pandysautonomia, and those with lower alpha-3-AChR autoantibody values may have limited autoimmune dysautonomia or other neurological signs and symptoms.
Importantly, cancer is detected in 30% of patients with alpha-3-AChR autoantibody. Cancer risk factors include the patient's past or family history of cancer, history of smoking, or social and environmental exposure to carcinogens. Early diagnosis and treatment of the neoplasm favors less morbidity from the GI dysmotility disorder. The cancers recognized most commonly with alpha-3-AChR autoantibody include adenocarcinomas of breast, lung, prostate, and GI tract, or lymphoma. A specific neoplasm is often predictable when a patient's autoantibody profile includes other autoantibodies to onconeural proteins shared by neurons, glia, or muscle. Small-cell lung carcinoma is found in 80% of antineuronal nuclear antibody-type 1 (ANNA-1; anti-Hu)-positive patients and 23% of ANNA-1-positive patients have GI dysmotility. The most common GI manifestation is gastroparesis, but the most dramatic is pseudoobstruction.
Reference Values
Test ID |
Reporting Name |
Methodology |
Reference Value |
ARBI |
ACh Receptor (Muscle) Binding Ab |
Radioimmunoassay (RIA) |
≤0.02 nmol/L |
GANG |
AChR Ganglionic Neuronal Ab, S |
RIA |
≤0.02 nmol/L |
ANN1S |
Anti-Neuronal Nuclear Ab, Type 1 |
Immunofluorescence assay (IFA) |
<1:240 |
DPPIS |
DPPX Ab IFA, S |
IFA |
 Negative |
GD65S |
GAD65 Ab Assay, S |
RIA |
≤0.02 nmol/L |
VGKC |
Neuronal (V-G) K+ Channel Ab, S |
RIA |
≤0.02 nmol/L |
CCN |
N-Type Calcium Channel Ab |
RIA |
≤ 0.03 nmol/L |
STR |
Striational (Striated Muscle) Ab, S |
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) |
 <1:120 |
Reflex Information:
Test ID |
Reporting Name |
Methodology |
Reference Value |
ARMO |
ACh Receptor (Muscle) Modulating Ab |
Live-cell assay (LCA) |
0-20% (reported as __% loss of AChR) |
AMPCS |
AMPA-R Ab CBA, S |
Cell-binding assay (CBA) |
Negative |
AMPIS |
AMPA-R Ab IF Titer Assay, S |
IFA |
<1:120 |
AMPHS |
Amphiphysin Ab, S |
IFA |
<1:240 |
AMIBS |
Amphiphysin Immunoblot, S |
IB |
Negative |
AN1BS |
ANNA-1 Immunoblot, S |
IB |
Negative |
AN2BS |
ANNA-2 Immunoblot, S |
IB |
Negative |
CS2CS |
CASPR2-IgG CBA, S |
CBA |
Negative |
CRMWS |
CRMP-5-IgG Western Blot, S |
Western Blot |
Negative |
CRMS |
CRMP-5-IgG, S |
IFA |
<1:240 |
DPPCS |
DPPX Ab CBA, S |
CBA |
Negative |
DPPTS |
DPPX Ab IFA Titer, S |
IFA |
<1:240 |
GABCS |
GABA-B-R Ab CBA, S |
CBA |
Negative |
GABIS |
GABA-B-R Ab IF Titer Assay, S |
IFA |
<1:120 |
LG1CS |
LGI1-IgG CBA, S |
CBA |
Negative |
NMDCS |
NMDA-R Ab CBA, S |
CBA |
Negative |
NMDIS |
NMDA-R Ab IF Titer Assay, S |
IFA |
<1:120 |
PC1BS |
PCA-1 Immunoblot, S |
IB |
Negative |
PCTBS |
PCA-Tr Immunoblot, S |
IB |
Negative |
PCABP |
Purkinje Cell Cytoplasmic Ab Type 1 |
IFA |
<1:240 |
PCAB2 |
Purkinje Cell Cytoplasmic Ab Type 2 |
IFA |
<1:240 |
PCATR |
Purkinje Cell Cytoplasmic Ab Type Tr |
IFA |
<1:240 |
Neuron-restricted patterns of IgG staining that do not fulfill criteria for ANNA-1, ANNA-2, PCA-1, PCA-2, or PCA-Tr may be reported as "unclassified anti-neuronal IgG." Complex patterns that include nonneuronal elements may be reported as "uninterpretable."
CRMP-5 titers lower than 1:240 are detectable by recombinant CRMP-5 Western blot analysis. CRMP-5 Western blot analysis will be done on request on stored serum (held 4 weeks). This supplemental testing is recommended in cases of chorea, vision loss, cranial neuropathy, and myelopathy. Call 1-800-533-1710 to request CRMP-5 Western blot.
Interpretation
Antibodies directed at onconeural proteins shared by neurons, muscle, and certain cancers are valuable serological markers of a patient's immune response to cancer. They are not found in healthy subjects and are usually accompanied by subacute symptoms and signs. It is not uncommon for more than 1 antibody to be detected. Three classes of antibodies are recognized (the individual antibodies from each class included in the profile are denoted in parentheses):
-Antineuronal nuclear autoantibody-type 1
-Neuronal and muscle cytoplasmic (collapsin response-mediator protein-5, glutamic acid decarboxylase, and striational)
-Plasma membrane cation channel (neuronal ganglionic and muscle alpha-3-acetylcholine receptor, neuronal voltage-gated N-type calcium channel, neuronal voltage-gated potassium channel antibodies).
All of these autoantibodies are potential effectors of autoimmune gastrointestinal dysmotility.
Clinical Reference
1. Lennon VA, Sas DF, Busk MF, et al: Enteric neuronal autoantibodies in pseudo-obstruction with small cell lung carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 1991;100:137-142
2. Lucchinetti CF, Kimmel DW, Lennon VA: Paraneoplastic and oncological profiles of patients seropositive for type 1 anti-neuronal nuclear autoantibodies. Neurology. 1998;50:652-657
3. Vernino S, Adamski J, Kryzer TJ, Fealey RD, Lennon VA: Neuronal nicotinic ACh receptor antibody in subacute autonomic neuropathy and cancer-related syndromes. Neurology. 1998;50:1806-1813
4. Vernino S, Low PA, Fealey RD, Stewart JD, Farrugia G, Lennon VA: Autoantibodies to ganglionic acetylcholine receptors in autoimmune autonomic neuropathies. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:847-855
5. Dhamija R, Tan KM, Pittock SJ, Foxx-Orenstein A, Benarroch A, Lennon VA: Serological profiles aiding the diagnosis of autoimmune gastrointestinal dysmotility. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;6:988-992
6. McKeon A, Lennon VA, Lachance DH, Fealey RD, Pittock SJ: The ganglionic acetylcholine receptor autoantibody: oncological, neurological and serological accompaniments. Arch Neurol. 2009;66(6):735-741
7. Kraichely RE, Farrugia G, Castell DO, Castell DO, Lennon VA: Neural autoantibody profile of primary achalasia. Dig Dis Sci. 2010 Feb;55(2):307-311
Day(s) and Time(s) Performed
CCN, GANG, VGKC:
Monday through Friday; 6 a.m., 8 a.m., 6 p.m.
Saturday, Sunday; 7 a.m.
ARBI:
Monday through Friday; 11 a.m., 6 p.m., 10 p.m.
Saturday; 6 a.m.
Sunday; 6 a.m., 10 a.m.
AMPHS, AMPIS, ANN1S, CRMS, DPPIS, DPPTS, GABIS, NMDIS, PCAB2, PCABP, PCATR:
Monday through Friday; 5 a.m., 7 a.m., 5 p.m.
Saturday, Sunday; 6 a.m.
GAD65:
Monday through Friday; 5 a.m., 2 p.m.
Saturday, Sunday; 7 a.m.
STR:
Monday through Friday; 4 a.m., 3 p.m.
Saturday; 6 a.m.
ARMO:
Monday through Thursday; 1 p.m.
Saturday; 8 a.m.
AMPCS, CS2CS, DPPCS, GABCS, LG1CS, NMDCS:
Monday through Friday; 10 p.m.
Sunday; 10 p.m.
CRMWS:
Monday through Thursday; 8 a.m.
AMIBS, AN1BS, AN2BS, PC1BS, PCTBS:
Monday through Friday; 6 p.m.
Analytic Time
10 daysTest Classification
This test was developed and its performance characteristics determined by Mayo Clinic in a manner consistent with CLIA requirements. This test has not been cleared or approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.CPT Code Information
83519 x4
83520 x1
86255 x2
86341 x1
83519-ARMO (if appropriate)
86255-AMPCS (if appropriate)
86256-AMPIS (if appropriate)
86255-AMPHS (if appropriate)
84182-AMIBS (if appropriate)
84182-AN1BS (if appropriate)
84182-AN2BS (if appropriate)
86255-CS2CS (if appropriate)
84182-CRMWS (if appropriate)
86255-CRMS (if appropriate)
86255-DPPCS (if appropriate)
86256-DPPTS (if appropriate)
86255-GABCS (if appropriate)
86256-GABIS (if appropriate)
86255-LG1CS (if appropriate)
86255-NMDCS (if appropriate)
86256-NMDIS (if appropriate)
84182-PC1BS (if appropriate)
84182-PCTBS (if appropriate)
86255-PCABP (if appropriate)
86255-PCAB2 (if appropriate)
86255-PCATR (if appropriate)
LOINC Code Information
Test ID | Test Order Name | Order LOINC Value |
---|---|---|
GID2 | Autoimmune GI Dysmotility Eval, S | In Process |
Result ID | Test Result Name | Result LOINC Value |
---|---|---|
34269 | GI Dysmotility, Interpretation, S | 69048-7 |
64930 | DPPX Ab IFA, S | 82976-2 |
80150 | ANNA-1, S | 94342-3 |
8338 | ACh Receptor (Muscle) Binding Ab | 11034-6 |
81184 | N-Type Calcium Channel Ab | 94348-0 |
84321 | AChR Ganglionic Neuronal Ab, S | 94694-7 |
81596 | GAD65 Ab Assay, S | 94345-6 |
8746 | Striational (Striated Muscle) Ab, S | 94817-4 |
89165 | Neuronal (V-G) K+ Channel Ab, S | 94816-6 |
36349 | Reflex Added | 77202-0 |
Special Instructions
Forms
If not ordering electronically, complete, print, and send a Gastroenterology and Hepatology Client Test Request (T728) with the specimen.